SwissPalm

Protein general information from UniProt

Protein names

Bone marrow stromal antigen 2, BST-2; HM1.24 antigen; Tetherin; CD antigen CD317

Subcellular location

Golgi apparatus; trans-Golgi network; Cell membrane (By similarity); Late endosome; Membrane raft; Cytoplasm (Probable); Apical cell membrane; Trans-Golgi network (Probable)

Isoforms & protein length

Isoform 1 (main): 180 aa; Isoform 2 : 168 aa

Known functions

IFN-induced antiviral host restriction factor which efficiently blocks the release of diverse mammalian enveloped viruses by directly tethering nascent virions to the membranes of infected cells. Acts as a direct physical tether, holding virions to the cell membrane and linking virions to each other. The tethered virions can be internalized by endocytosis and subsequently degraded or they can remain on the cell surface. In either case, their spread as cell-free virions is restricted (PubMed:22520941, PubMed:21529378, PubMed:20940320, PubMed:20419159, PubMed:20399176, PubMed:19879838, PubMed:19036818, PubMed:18342597, PubMed:18200009). Its target viruses belong to diverse families, including retroviridae: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), prototype foamy virus (PFV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), flavivirideae: hepatitis C virus (HCV), filoviridae: ebola virus (EBOV) and marburg virus (MARV), arenaviridae: lassa virus (LASV) and machupo virus (MACV), herpesviridae: kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhabdoviridae: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), orthomyxoviridae: influenza A virus, paramyxoviridae: nipah virus, and coronaviridae: SARS-CoV (PubMed:22520941, PubMed:21621240, PubMed:21529378, PubMed:20943977, PubMed:20686043, PubMed:20419159, PubMed:20399176, PubMed:19879838, PubMed:19179289, PubMed:18342597, PubMed:18200009, PubMed:26378163, PubMed:31199522). Can inhibit cell surface proteolytic activity of MMP14 causing decreased activation of MMP15 which results in inhibition of cell growth and migration (PubMed:22065321). Can stimulate signaling by LILRA4/ILT7 and consequently provide negative feedback to the production of IFN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in response to viral infection (PubMed:19564354, PubMed:26172439). Plays a role in the organization of the subapical actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are both effective viral restriction factors but have differing antiviral and signaling activities (PubMed:23028328, PubMed:26172439). Isoform 2 is resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-mediated degradation and restricts HIV-1 viral budding in the presence of Vpu (PubMed:23028328, PubMed:26172439). Isoform 1 acts as an activator of NF-kappa-B and this activity is inhibited by isoform 2 (PubMed:23028328). Parallel homodimer; disulfide-linked. May form homotetramers under reducing conditions. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 form homodimers and also heterodimers with each other. Dimerization is essential for its antiviral activity (PubMed:26378163, PubMed:10329429, PubMed:19737401, PubMed:19879838, PubMed:23028328, PubMed:20399176, PubMed:20880831, PubMed:20940320, PubMed:31199522). Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with ARHGAP44 (By similarity). Interacts with MMP14 (via C-terminal cytoplasmic tail) (PubMed:22065321). Interacts with LILRA4/ILT7 (PubMed:19564354). (Microbial infection) Interacts with ebola GP protein. (Microbial infection) Interacts (via transmembrane domain) with HIV-1 VPU (via transmembrane domain). (Microbial infection) Interacts with HIV-2 ENV. (Microbial infection) Interacts with SARS-CoV ORF7a protein. Shuttles between the cell membrane, where it is present predominantly in membrane/lipid rafts, and the trans-Golgi network. Forms a complex with MMP14 and localizes to the cytoplasm. (Microbial infection) HIV-1 VPU and HIV-2 ENV can target it to the trans-Golgi network thus sequestering it away from virus assembly sites on the cell membrane. Targeted to late endosomes upon KSHV infection and subsequent ubiquitination. IFN-induced antiviral host restriction factor which efficiently blocks the release of diverse mammalian enveloped viruses by directly tethering nascent virions to the membranes of infected cells. Acts as a direct physical tether, holding virions to the cell membrane and linking virions to each other. The tethered virions can be internalized by endocytosis and subsequently degraded or they can remain on the cell surface. In either case, their spread as cell-free virions is restricted. Its target viruses belong to diverse families, including retroviridae: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), prototype foamy virus (PFV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), flavivirideae: hepatitis C virus (HCV), filoviridae: ebola virus (EBOV) and marburg virus (MARV), arenaviridae: lassa virus (LASV) and machupo virus (MACV), herpesviridae: kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhabdoviridae: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), orthomyxoviridae: influenza A virus, and paramyxoviridae: nipah virus. Can inhibit cell surface proteolytic activity of MMP14 causing decreased activation of MMP15 which results in inhibition of cell growth and migration. Can stimulate signaling by LILRA4/ILT7 and consequently provide negative feedback to the production of IFN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in response to viral infection (PubMed:19564354, PubMed:26172439). Plays a role in the organization of the subapical actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are both effective viral restriction factors but have differing antiviral and signaling activities (PubMed:23028328, PubMed:26172439). Isoform 2 is resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-mediated degradation and restricts HIV-1 viral budding in the presence of Vpu (PubMed:23028328, PubMed:26172439). Isoform 1 acts as an activator of NF-kappa-B and this activity is inhibited by isoform 2 (PubMed:23028328). Parallel homodimer; disulfide-linked. May form homotetramers under reducing conditions. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 form homodimers and also heterodimers with each other. Dimerization is essential for its antiviral activity. Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with ARHGAP44 (By similarity). Interacts with MMP14 (via C-terminal cytoplasmic tail) (PubMed:22065321). Interacts with LILRA4/ILT7 (PubMed:19564354, PubMed:26172439). Interacts (via transmembrane domain) with HIV-1 VPU (via transmembrane domain) (PubMed:19837671). Interacts with HIV-2 ENV and ebola GP protein (PubMed:19740980, PubMed:19179289). Shuttles between the cell membrane, where it is present predominantly in membrane/lipid rafts, and the trans-Golgi network. HIV-1 VPU and HIV-2 ENV can target it to the trans-Golgi network thus sequestering it away from virus assembly sites on the cell membrane. Targeted to late endosomes upon KSHV infection and subsequent ubiquitination. Forms a complex with MMP14 and localizes to the cytoplasm. IFN-induced antiviral host restriction factor which efficiently blocks the release of diverse mammalian enveloped viruses by directly tethering nascent virions to the membranes of infected cells. Acts as a direct physical tether, holding virions to the cell membrane and linking virions to each other. The tethered virions can be internalized by endocytosis and subsequently degraded or they can remain on the cell surface. In either case, their spread as cell-free virions is restricted. Its target viruses belong to diverse families, including retroviridae: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), prototype foamy virus (PFV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), flavivirideae: hepatitis C virus (HCV), filoviridae: ebola virus (EBOV) and marburg virus (MARV), arenaviridae: lassa virus (LASV) and machupo virus (MACV), herpesviridae: kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhabdoviridae: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), orthomyxoviridae: influenza A virus, and paramyxoviridae: nipah virus. Can inhibit cell surface proteolytic activity of MMP14 causing decreased activation of MMP15 which results in inhibition of cell growth and migration. Can stimulate signaling by LILRA4/ILT7 and consequently provide negative feedback to the production of IFN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in response to viral infection (PubMed:19564354, PubMed:26172439). Plays a role in the organization of the subapical actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are both effective viral restriction factors but have differing antiviral and signaling activities (PubMed:23028328, PubMed:26172439). Isoform 2 is resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-mediated degradation and restricts HIV-1 viral budding in the presence of Vpu (PubMed:23028328, PubMed:26172439). Isoform 1 acts as an activator of NF-kappa-B and this activity is inhibited by isoform 2 (PubMed:23028328). Parallel homodimer; disulfide-linked. May form homotetramers under reducing conditions. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 form homodimers and also heterodimers with each other. Dimerization is essential for its antiviral activity. Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with ARHGAP44 (By similarity). Interacts with MMP14 (via C-terminal cytoplasmic tail) (PubMed:22065321). Interacts with LILRA4/ILT7 (PubMed:19564354, PubMed:26172439). Interacts (via transmembrane domain) with HIV-1 VPU (via transmembrane domain) (PubMed:19837671). Interacts with HIV-2 ENV and ebola GP protein (PubMed:19740980, PubMed:19179289). Shuttles between the cell membrane, where it is present predominantly in membrane/lipid rafts, and the trans-Golgi network. HIV-1 VPU and HIV-2 ENV can target it to the trans-Golgi network thus sequestering it away from virus assembly sites on the cell membrane. Targeted to late endosomes upon KSHV infection and subsequent ubiquitination. Forms a complex with MMP14 and localizes to the cytoplasm.

Cross-references

Source	Identifiers
UniProt gene names	BST2
UniProt secondary AC	A8K4Y4, Q53G07
Refseq protein ID	NP_004326.1
IPI ID	IPI00026241

Source	Identifiers
Ensembl protein	ENSP00000252593
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000130303

Enzymes

PAT/APT	Enzyme	Experiments
PAT	ZDHC3_HUMAN	SPalmE:1643 () []
PAT	ZDHC6_HUMAN	SPalmE:1643 () []
PAT	ZDHC7_HUMAN	SPalmE:1643 () []
PAT	ZDH11_HUMAN	SPalmE:1643 () []
PAT	ZDHC4_HUMAN	SPalmE:1643 () []

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Isoform sequence alignment

Tip: Hover over an amino acid to display its position!

Orthologs

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UniProt AC	UniProt ID	Orthology source	Organism	Gene names	Protein name	Palmitome articles	Techniques	Predicted
Q8R2Q8	BST2_MOUSE	OrthoDB, OMA, Ensembl, InParanoid, MetaPhors	M. musculus	Bst2	Bone marrow stromal antigen 2, BST-2	7/23	3	No
J7MAQ7	J7MAQ7_BOVIN	MetaPhors	B. taurus	bst-2A2	Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 type A-2	0/2	0	No
Q811A2	BST2_RAT	OrthoDB, InParanoid, MetaPhors	R. norvegicus	Bst2, Damp1	Bone marrow stromal antigen 2, BST-2	0/3	0	Yes
G3N1J6	G3N1J6_BOVIN	OrthoDB, OMA, Ensembl, InParanoid, MetaPhors	B. taurus	LOC100298356	Uncharacterized protein	0/2	0	Yes
J9NVI2	J9NVI2_CANLF	OrthoDB, OMA, Ensembl, InParanoid	C. familiaris	bst2-2, BST2	Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 type 2	0/1	0	No
F1N713	F1N713_BOVIN	OMA, Ensembl, OrthoDB, MetaPhors	B. taurus	LOC112441507	Uncharacterized protein	0/2	0	Yes

Ortholog sequence alignment (CLUSTALW)

Validation experiments

ID of the experiment	Reference	Year	Organism	Cell type	Subcellular location	Technique(s)
SPalmE:1643	Salaun C et al.	2023	Homo sapiens	HEK293T	Total cell lysate	APE, Point mutation

Sites (from validation or large-scale experiments)

Isoforms	Position	Probability	Studies	Techniques
Q10589	20	NA	SPalmE:1643 () []	APE, Point mutation

Cysteine summary and predictions

Pos in alignment	9	20	53	63	91
Subcell. location	C	C	E	E	E
Disulfide	no	no	yes	yes	yes
PSIPRED v.4.02 prediction	coil	coil	helix	helix	helix
UniProt secondary structure	NA	NA	helix	helix	helix
Pos in isoform 1 [Main] CSS-Palm 4.0 PalmPred	Cys⁹ HC	Cys²⁰ MC	Cys⁵³	Cys⁶³	Cys⁹¹
Pos in isoform 2 CSS-Palm 4.0 PalmPred		Cys⁸ HC	Cys⁴¹	Cys⁵¹	Cys⁷⁹

Legend

Subcell. location

U Undefined E Extracellular/Lumenal T Transmembrane C Cytosolic/Nuclear

Prediction confidence

Cysteine position: Predicted (high confidence prediction with CSS-Palm or/and PalmPred) and validated (in terms of disulfide bonds and cellular location) / Predicted but not validated (in terms of disulfide bond and cellular location) / Not predicted
CSS-Palm 4.0: High confidence, Medium confidence, Low confidence, Not predicted.
PalmPred: High confidence (score > 0.4), Medium confidence (0.1 < score < 0.4), Low confidence (score < 0.1), Not predicted.

Palmitoyl-proteome experiments

List of palmitoyl-proteomes

Tip: Keep CTRL key pressed down while clicking on column headers to do multiple sorting. This applies to any sortable table on this site.

ID of the experiment	Reference	Year	Organism	Cell type	Subcellular location	Technique(s)	Found?	In list	All lists
SPalmE:14	Roth AF et al.	2006	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Isogenic LRB759	Total membrane	ABE	x		HC HC: 48 hits
SPalmE:13	Kang R et al.	2008	Rattus norvegicus	Cortical neuron	Synaptosomal membrane	ABE	x		HC: 107 hits LC: 308 hits
SPalmE:6	Martin BR et al.	2009	Homo sapiens	Jurkat	Total membrane	Click chemistry	x		HC: 127 hits LC: 188 hits List: 0 hits
SPalmE:1	Yang W et al.	2010	Homo sapiens	DU145	Total membrane	ABE	x		HC: 162 hits LC: 218 hits
SPalmE:10	Yount JS et al.	2010	Mus musculus	Dendritic cell	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in LC [BST2]	HC: 59 hits LC: 105 hits
SPalmE:578	Yang W et al.	2010	Homo sapiens	DU145	Lipid raft	ABE	x		HC: 102 hits LC: 73 hits
SPalmE:577	Yang W et al.	2010	Homo sapiens	DU145	Non-lipid raft	ABE	x		HC: 63 hits LC: 147 hits
SPalmE:12	Martin BR et al.	2011	Mus musculus	BW5147-derived mouse T-cell hybridoma cell	Total membrane	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in HC [BST2]	HC HC: 352 hits LC LC: 8 hits
SPalmE:2	Dowal L et al.	2011	Homo sapiens	Platelet	Total membrane	ABE	x		List: 214 hits
SPalmE:8	Merrick BA et al.	2011	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total membrane	ABE	x		List: 69 hits
SPalmE:511	Emmer BT et al.	2011	Trypanosoma brucei brucei	NA	Total cell lysate	ABE	x		List: 126 hits
SPalmE:5	Forrester MT et al.	2011	Homo sapiens	HEK293	Total membrane	ARAC	x		List: 69 hits
SPalmE:7	Wilson JP et al.	2011	Homo sapiens	Jurkat	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	x		HC: 164 hits LC: 178 hits
SPalmE:3	Ivaldi C et al.	2012	Homo sapiens	B-cell	Total membrane	ABE	Found	in HC	HC HC: 93 hits
SPalmE:580	Jones ML et al.	2012	Plasmodium falciparum	Whole organism	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry, SILAC	x		HC: 79 hits LC: 89 hits
SPalmE:162	Jones ML et al.	2012	Plasmodium falciparum	Whole organism	Total cell lysate	ABE	x		HC: 100 hits LC: 217 hits
SPalmE:11	Li Y et al.	2012	Mus musculus	Neural stem cell	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	x		HC HC: 254 hits
SPalmE:4	Marin EP et al.	2012	Homo sapiens	Umbilical vein blood	NA	ABE	x		List: 154 hits
SPalmE:9	Ren W et al.	2013	Mus musculus	3T3-L1 and epididymal fat pads	Total membrane	ARAC	x		List: 664 hits
SPalmE:15	Hemsley PA et al.	2013	Arabidopsis thaliana	Heyn Col-4 ecotype root cell suspension	Microsomal membrane	ABE	x		HC: 122 hits MC: 94 hits LC: 366 hits
SPalmE:119	Wan J et al.	2013	Mus musculus	Brain	Total cell lysate	ABE	x		List: 378 hits
SPalmE:160	Zhang MM et al.	2013	Schizosaccharomyces pombe	Whole organism	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	x		List: 238 hits
SPalmE:507	Chesarino NM et al.	2014	Mus musculus	DC2.4	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in List [BST2]	List: 246 hits
SPalmE:508	Chesarino NM et al.	2014	Mus musculus	MEF	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in List [BST2]	List: 436 hits
SPalmE:184	Wei X et al.	2014	Homo sapiens	HUVEC	Total cell lysate	ABE	Found	in List	Palm decreased: 40 hits Palm increased: 33 hits List: 367 hits
SPalmE:619	Peng T et al.	2015	Homo sapiens	HEK293	Total cell lysate	Alk16 Labeling	x		List: 354 hits
SPalmE:504	Serwa RA et al.	2015	Homo sapiens	RPE-1	Total cell lysate	SILAC, 16-HDYA labeling	x		List: 1348 hits
SPalmE:620	Peng T et al.	2015	Homo sapiens	HEK293	Total cell lysate	Photo cleavable x-alk16 labeling	x		List: 354 hits
SPalmE:506	Morrison E et al.	2015	Homo sapiens	Jurkat	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry, SILAC	Found	in List	List: 226 hits
SPalmE:540	Gould NS et al.	2015	Mus musculus	Liver	Total cell lysate	APE	x		List: 780 hits
SPalmE:529	Colquhoun DR et al.	2015	Homo sapiens	174 x CEM.T1	Total cell lysate	Click-IT Palmitic Acid labeling	Found	in List	List: 113 hits
SPalmE:510	Santiago-Tirado FH et al.	2015	Cryptococcus neoformans	NA	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	x		List: 354 hits
SPalmE:509	Santiago-Tirado FH et al.	2015	Cryptococcus neoformans	NA	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	x		List: 426 hits
SPalmE:505	Morrison E et al.	2015	Homo sapiens	Primary CD4 + T cells	Total cell lysate	ABE, In gel SILAC labeling	Found	in List	List: 274 hits
SPalmE:536	Foe IT et al.	2015	Toxoplasma gondii	NA	Total membrane	Click chemistry	x		HC: 210 hits MC: 72 hits
SPalmE:902	Caballero MC et al.	2016	Toxoplasma gondii	whole parasite lysates	NA	ABE	x		HC: 164 hits
SPalmE:829	Upadhyay S et al.	2016	Aspergillus fumigatus	Conidia	NA	ABE	x		List: 133 hits
SPalmE:724	Fang C et al.	2016	Homo sapiens	SW480	NA	ARAC	x		List: 100 hits
SPalmE:909	Thinon E et al.	2016	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	Alk16 Labeling	Ortholog	in HC [BST2]	HC: 197 hits MC: 143 hits LC: 302 hits
SPalmE:723	Hernandez JL et al.	2016	Homo sapiens	MCF7	Total cell lysate	Alk16 Labeling	x		List: 1353 hits
SPalmE:698	Pinner AL et al.	2016	Homo sapiens	Brain	Total cell lysate	ABE	x		List: 216 hits
SPalmE:993	Shen LF et al.	2017	Mus musculus	Liver	Total membrane	ARAC	x		ZDHHC13 substrates: 16 hits
SPalmE:903	Collins MO et al.	2017	Mus musculus	Forebrain	NA	ABE	x		HC: 1079 hits
SPalmE:907	Edmonds MJ et al.	2017	Rattus norvegicus	Brain	NA	ARAC	x		List: 95 hits
SPalmE:906	Edmonds MJ et al.	2017	Rattus norvegicus	Brain	NA	ABE	x		List: 193 hits
SPalmE:855	Shen LF et al.	2017	Mus musculus	Liver	Total membrane	ARAC	x		List: 865 hits
SPalmE:1183	Thinon E et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HeLa	Total cell lysate	NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, Alk16 Labeling	x		HC: 132 hits MC: 138 hits LC: 110 hits
SPalmE:1184	Thinon E et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HeLa	Total cell lysate	ARAC	Found	in MC	HC: 545 hits MC: 415 hits LC: 219 hits
SPalmE:1182	Thinon E et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	ARAC	x		HC: 198 hits MC: 143 hits LC: 120 hits
SPalmE:1186	Thinon E et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, Alk16 Labeling	Ortholog	in LC [BST2]	HC: 177 hits MC: 162 hits LC: 123 hits
SPalmE:1181	Thinon E et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, Alk16 Labeling	Ortholog	in HC [BST2]	HC: 244 hits MC: 187 hits LC: 120 hits
SPalmE:1191	Won SJ et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HEK293T	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	x		List: 195 hits
SPalmE:1192	Won SJ et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HAP1	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Found	in List	List: 984 hits
SPalmE:1193	Won SJ et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HAP1	Total cell lysate	ARAC	x		List: 1394 hits
SPalmE:1194	Won SJ et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HAP1	Total cell lysate	ARAC,	x		List: 1404 hits
SPalmE:1203	Zhang X et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Brain	Total membrane	Enrichment by magnetic nanoparticles	x		HC: 917 hits MC: 352 hits LC: 15 hits
SPalmE:1259	Dumoulin A et al.	2018	Mus musculus	F11	Total membrane	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		HC: 1 hits MC: 10 hits LC: 4 hits
SPalmE:1260	Wang Z et al.	2018	Bos taurus	Lens fiber cell	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 52 hits
SPalmE:920	Sobocińska J et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in LPS treatment [BST2]	LPS treatment: 646 hits
SPalmE:919	Sobocińska J et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in List [BST2]	List: 646 hits
SPalmE:908	Sobocińska J et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	Click chemistry	Ortholog	in Palm. up with LPS [BST2]	Palm. up with LPS: 156 hits Palm. down with LPS: 189 hits
SPalmE:1185	Thinon E et al.	2018	Homo sapiens	HeLa	Total cell lysate	NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, Alk16 Labeling	x		Chymotrypsin: 286 hits Trypsin: 1291 hits
SPalmE:1187	Thinon E et al.	2018	Mus musculus	Macrophage Raw 264.7	Total cell lysate	ARAC	x		HC: 281 hits MC: 139 hits LC: 113 hits
SPalmE:1303	Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2019	Mus musculus	Brain	Postsynaptic density fraction	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x
SPalmE:1270	Strassburger K et al.	2019	Drosophila melanogaster	Circa 160 L2 larvae	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, PAT KO, MS	x		List: 13 hits
SPalmE:1266	Strassburger K et al.	2019	Drosophila melanogaster	Circa 160 L2 larvae	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, PAT KO, MS	x		List: 157 hits
SPalmE:1265	Wang J et al.	2019	Mus musculus	3T3-L1	Total membrane	MS, BioID	x		List: 9 hits
SPalmE:1333	Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2019	Mus musculus	Brain	Postsynaptic density fraction	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x
SPalmE:1433	Zhou B et al.	2019	Homo sapiens	LNCaP	Total cell lysate	NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, LB-ABE, ABE	x		List: 2929 hits
SPalmE:1432	Zhou B et al.	2019	Homo sapiens	LNCaP	Total cell lysate	ABE, SILAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 590 hits
SPalmE:1434	Wegleiter T et al.	2019	Mus musculus	Neural stem cell	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 370 hits
SPalmE:1438	Mariscal J et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	PC3	Total membrane	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, LB-ABE	x		HC: 1837 hits
SPalmE:1439	Mariscal J et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	PC3	Large Extracellular Vesicles	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, LB-ABE	x		HC: 1350 hits
SPalmE:1440	Mariscal J et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	PC3	Small Extracellular Vesicles	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, LB-ABE	x		HC: 600 hits
SPalmE:1435	Morrison E et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	Jurkat	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, SILAC	Found	in	Unstimulated: 37 hits
SPalmE:1436	Morrison E et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	Jurkat	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, SILAC	Found	in List	List: 185 hits
SPalmE:1458	Morrison E et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	Jurkat	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, SILAC	x		Stimulated: 148 hits
SPalmE:1437	Mariscal J et al.	2020	Homo sapiens	PC3	Total cell lysate	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS, LB-ABE	x		HC: 1869 hits
SPalmE:1450	Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2021	Mus musculus	Brain	Synaptoneurosomal fraction	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 1093 hits
SPalmE:1444	Miles MR et al.	2021	Homo sapiens	Heart	Total cell lysate	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	Found	in List	List: 687 hits
SPalmE:1447	Pradhan AJ et al.	2021	Homo sapiens	HT-29	Total cell lysate	Labeling of substrate with C20 AlkFA (Alk-18), LC-MS	Found	in List	List: 1173 hits
SPalmE:1448	Pradhan AJ et al.	2021	Homo sapiens	HT-29	Total cell lysate	Labeling of substrate with C20 AlkFA (Alk-18), LC-MS	Found	in List	List: 770 hits
SPalmE:1449	Ripamonti M et al.	2021	Mus musculus	NIH-3T3	Total cell lysate	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 199 hits
SPalmE:1445	Miles MR et al.	2021	Rattus norvegicus	Heart	Total cell lysate	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 399 hits
SPalmE:1451	Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2021	Mus musculus	Brain	Synaptoneurosomal fraction	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 1048 hits
SPalmE:1452	Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2021	Mus musculus	Brain	Synaptoneurosomal fraction	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 1112 hits
SPalmE:1453	Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2021	Mus musculus	Brain	Synaptoneurosomal fraction	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 1040 hits
SPalmE:1455	Ziemlińska E et al.	2021	Mus musculus	Liver	Total membrane	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		HC: 850 hits MC: 303 hits LC: 21 hits
SPalmE:1446	Miles MR et al.	2021	Canis familiaris	Heart	Total cell lysate	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 464 hits
SPalmE:1454	Ziemlińska E et al.	2021	Mus musculus	Liver	Total membrane	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	Ortholog	in HC [BST2]	HC: 675 hits MC: 360 hits LC: 27 hits
SPalmE:1443	Uzbekova S et al.	2021	Bos taurus	Bovine follicular cells	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 80 hits
SPalmE:1456	Gao J et al.	2022	Mus musculus	Testis	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		HC: 4107 hits
SPalmE:1442	Gorenberg EL et al.	2022	Mus musculus	Brain	Total cell lysate	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 1597 hits
SPalmE:1441	Gorenberg EL et al.	2022	Mus musculus	Brain	Synaptic fraction	ARAC, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		List: 1378 hits
SPalmE:1457	Gao J et al.	2022	Mus musculus	Testis	Total cell lysate	ABE, NH2OH cleavage of thioester bond, LC-MS	x		HC: 3870 hits

Summary table by organism

Organism	Total number of palmitoyl-proteome articles	Total number of palmitoyl-proteomes	Number of palmitoyl-proteomes containing this protein or an ortholog	% of palmitoyl-proteomes containing this protein or an ortholog	Orthologs
S. cerevisiae S288c	1	1	0	0.0	NA
R. norvegicus	3	4	0	0.0	NA
H. sapiens	22	38	12	31.6	NA
M. musculus	23	37	11	29.7	BST2_MOUSE
T. brucei brucei	1	1	0	0.0	NA
P. falciparum	1	2	0	0.0	NA
A. thaliana	1	1	0	0.0	NA
S. pombe	1	1	0	0.0	NA
C. neoformans var. grubii serotype A strain H99	1	2	0	0.0	NA
T. gondii	2	2	0	0.0	NA
A. fumigatus	1	1	0	0.0	NA
B. taurus	2	2	0	0.0	NA
D. melanogaster	1	2	0	0.0	NA
C. familiaris	1	1	0	0.0	NA

References

Authors	Year	Reference title	PMID
Kang R et al.	2008	Neural palmitoyl-proteomics reveals dynamic synaptic palmitoylation.	19092927
Ren W et al.	2013	Proteomic analysis of protein palmitoylation in adipocytes.	23599907
Marin EP et al.	2012	Endothelial cell palmitoylproteomic identifies novel lipid-modified targets and potential substrates for protein acyl transferases.	22496122
Li Y et al.	2012	DHHC5 protein palmitoylates flotillin-2 and is rapidly degraded on induction of neuronal differentiation in cultured cells.	22081607
Martin BR et al.	2011	Global profiling of dynamic protein palmitoylation.	22056678
Dowal L et al.	2011	Proteomic analysis of palmitoylated platelet proteins.	21813449
Merrick BA et al.	2011	Proteomic profiling of S-acylated macrophage proteins identifies a role for palmitoylation in mitochondrial targeting of phospholipid scramblase 3.	21785166
Wilson JP et al.	2011	Proteomic analysis of fatty-acylated proteins in mammalian cells with chemical reporters reveals S-acylation of histone H3 variants.	21076176
Forrester MT et al.	2011	Site-specific analysis of protein S-acylation by resin-assisted capture.	21044946
Yount JS et al.	2010	Palmitoylome profiling reveals S-palmitoylation-dependent antiviral activity of IFITM3.	20601941
Yang W et al.	2010	Proteome scale characterization of human S-acylated proteins in lipid raft-enriched and non-raft membranes.	19801377
Martin BR et al.	2009	Large-scale profiling of protein palmitoylation in mammalian cells.	19137006
Roth AF et al.	2006	Global analysis of protein palmitoylation in yeast.	16751107
Hemsley PA et al.	2013	A proteomic approach identifies many novel palmitoylated proteins in Arabidopsis.	23252521
Ivaldi C et al.	2012	Proteomic analysis of S-acylated proteins in human B cells reveals palmitoylation of the immune regulators CD20 and CD23.	22615937
Wan J et al.	2013	Tracking brain palmitoylation change: predominance of glial change in a mouse model of Huntington's disease.	24211138
Zhang MM et al.	2013	Quantitative control of protein S-palmitoylation regulates meiotic entry in fission yeast.	23843742
Jones ML et al.	2012	Analysis of protein palmitoylation reveals a pervasive role in Plasmodium development and pathogenesis.	22901544
Wei X et al.	2014	Insulin-regulated protein palmitoylation impacts endothelial cell function.	24357059
Serwa RA et al.	2015	Systems Analysis of Protein Fatty Acylation in Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells Using Chemical Proteomics.	26256475
Morrison E et al.	2015	Quantitative analysis of the human T cell palmitome.	26111759
Chesarino NM et al.	2014	Chemoproteomics reveals Toll-like receptor fatty acylation.	25371237
Santiago-Tirado FH et al.	2015	A Single Protein S-acyl Transferase Acts through Diverse Substrates to Determine Cryptococcal Morphology, Stress Tolerance, and Pathogenic Outcome.	25970403
Emmer BT et al.	2011	Global analysis of protein palmitoylation in African trypanosomes.	21193548
Colquhoun DR et al.	2015	Bioorthogonal mimetics of palmitoyl-CoA and myristoyl-CoA and their subsequent isolation by click chemistry and characterization by mass spectrometry reveal novel acylated host-proteins modified by HIV-1 infection.	25914232
Foe IT et al.	2015	Global Analysis of Palmitoylated Proteins in Toxoplasma gondii.	26468752
Gould NS et al.	2015	Site-Specific Proteomic Mapping Identifies Selectively Modified Regulatory Cysteine Residues in Functionally Distinct Protein Networks.	26165157
Peng T et al.	2015	Bifunctional fatty acid chemical reporter for analyzing S-palmitoylated membrane protein-protein interactions in mammalian cells.	25575299
Pinner AL et al.	2016	Decreased protein S-palmitoylation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.	26876311
Hernandez JL et al.	2016	Correlated S-palmitoylation profiling of Snail-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition.	27030425
Fang C et al.	2016	Identification of Palmitoylated Transitional Endoplasmic Reticulum ATPase by Proteomic Technique and Pan Antipalmitoylation Antibody.	26865113
Caballero MC et al.	2016	Identification of new palmitoylated proteins in Toxoplasma gondii.	26825284
Upadhyay S et al.	2016	Interactions between Melanin Enzymes and Their Atypical Recruitment to the Secretory Pathway by Palmitoylation.	27879337
Edmonds MJ et al.	2017	Analysis of the brain palmitoyl-proteome using both acyl-biotin exchange and acyl-resin-assisted capture methods.	28607426
Shen LF et al.	2017	Role of S-Palmitoylation by ZDHHC13 in Mitochondrial function and Metabolism in Liver.	28526873
Sobocińska J et al.	2018	Lipopolysaccharide Upregulates Palmitoylated Enzymes of the Phosphatidylinositol Cycle: An Insight from Proteomic Studies.	29217618
Collins MO et al.	2017	Global, site-specific analysis of neuronal protein S-acylation.	28680068
Thinon E et al.	2016	Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters for Monitoring Unsaturated Fatty-Acylated Proteins.	27350074
Thinon E et al.	2018	Selective Enrichment and Direct Analysis of Protein S-Palmitoylation Sites.	29575903
Zhang X et al.	2018	Ultradeep Palmitoylomics Enabled by Dithiodipyridine-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles.	29660268
Won SJ et al.	2018	Temporal Profiling Establishes a Dynamic S-Palmitoylation Cycle.	29733200
Dumoulin A et al.	2018	S-palmitoylation Is Required for the Control of Growth Cone Morphology of DRG Neurons by CNP-Induced cGMP Signaling.	30319353
Wang Z et al.	2018	Proteomic Analysis of S-Palmitoylated Proteins in Ocular Lens Reveals Palmitoylation of AQP5 and MP20.	30489624
Wang J et al.	2019	DHHC4 and DHHC5 Facilitate Fatty Acid Uptake by Palmitoylating and Targeting CD36 to the Plasma Membrane.	30605677
Strassburger K et al.	2019	Drosophila ZDHHC8 palmitoylates scribble and Ras64B and controls growth and viability.	30735487
Zhou B et al.	2019	Low-background Acyl-biotinyl Exchange Largely Eliminates the Co-isolation of Non-S-acylated Proteins and Enables Deep S-acylproteomic Analysis.	31251020
Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2019	Stress-induced changes in the S-palmitoylation and S-nitrosylation of synaptic proteins.	31311849
Wegleiter T et al.	2019	Palmitoylation of BMPR1a regulates neural stem cell fate.	31772009
Morrison E et al.	2020	Dynamic palmitoylation events following T-cell receptor signaling.	32651440
Mariscal J et al.	2020	Comprehensive palmitoyl-proteomic analysis identifies distinct protein signatures for large and small cancer-derived extracellular vesicles.	32944167
Gorenberg EL et al.	2022	Identification of substrates of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 highlights roles of depalmitoylation in disulfide bond formation and synaptic function.	35358180
Uzbekova S et al.	2021	Protein Palmitoylation in Bovine Ovarian Follicle.	34769186
Miles MR et al.	2021	Global identification of S-palmitoylated proteins and detection of palmitoylating (DHHC) enzymes in heart.	33636221
Pradhan AJ et al.	2021	Protein acylation by saturated very long chain fatty acids and endocytosis are involved in necroptosis.	33848465
Ripamonti M et al.	2021	Structural and functional analysis of LIM domain-dependent recruitment of paxillin to αvβ3 integrin-positive focal adhesions.	33782527
Zaręba-Kozioł M et al.	2021	S-Palmitoylation of Synaptic Proteins as a Novel Mechanism Underlying Sex-Dependent Differences in Neuronal Plasticity.	34200797
Ziemlińska E et al.	2021	Palm Oil-Rich Diet Affects Murine Liver Proteome and <i>S</i>-Palmitoylome.	34884899
Gao J et al.	2022	Proteome-wide identification of palmitoylated proteins in mouse testis.	35477839
Salaun C et al.	2023	The endoplasmic reticulum-localized enzyme zDHHC6 mediates S-acylation of short transmembrane constructs from multiple type I and II membrane proteins.	37660915

Q10589 BST2_HUMAN